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Meaning of the Name Akbar is The Great.
3rd Mughal Emperor.
Greatest among the Mughal Emperors.
One of the greatest kings of India.
Akbar 1556 - 1605
Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar was the son of Humayun and Hamida
Banu Begam.
Akbar was born at Amarkot in 1542. Amarkot was a palace of a
Hindu King named Rana Virsal Prasad.
Bairam Khan coronated
him at Kalanaur when he was 14 years old.
Bairam Khan
represented him in the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556 against Hemu
Vikramaditya.
Hemu, the PM of Muhammad Shah Adil of Bengal, was defeated.
Hemu is considered the last Hindu
king of Delhi.
Conquered Malwa in 1561 defeating Baz Bahadur.
Won Gujarat in 1572. It was in order to commemorate his
victory of Gujarat that Akbar got the Buland Darwaza constructed at Fatehpur
Sikri.
Also introduced the Mansabdary System to organise the
nobility as well as the army.
Mansabdar meant holder of a rank. Mansabdars were entrusted
with the task of maintaining some army. In lieu of their salary a piece of land
was given to them. The more trusted will be entrusted with a bigger rank /
number of troops he should maintain.
Abu’l – Fazl, the Wazir of Akbar and author of the Akbamama
an account of Akbar’s reign.
Faizi was historian
Abul Fazl’s brother in Akbar’s court. He was a poet composing in Persian and an
all – round genius.
Tansen, believed to be one of the greatest musician of all
times, was born in a Hindu family
in Gwalior.
Raja Birbal, alias Mahesh Das, was a courtier in the
administration of Akbar.
Raja Todar Mal was
Akbar’s finance minister, who overhauled the revenue system in the
kingdom. The revenue system introduced by Raja Todar Mal is
known as 'Bandobasth system', largely inspired by Sharshah's Rytwari system /
Sher Shah's revenue system.
Raja Man Singh was the Kacchwaha raja of Amber. He was a
mansabdar and a trusted general
of Akbar.
Abdul Rahim Khan – e – Khana was a poet and the son of Akbar’s
trusted caretaker, Bairam Khan.
After Bairam Khan was murdered, Bairan Khan’s wife became
the second wife of Akbar, which
made Abdul Rahim Khan – e Khan his stepson.
Faqir Aziao Din was
one of Akbar’s chief advisors.
Mullah Do Piaza was
among the Mughal emperor Akbar’s chief advisors.
Ibadat
Khana - Akbar's prayer hall. Here Akbar participated in religious
discussion with the representatives of various religions.
Infalliable Decree - was issued by Akbar in 1579.
Akbar introduced a new religion named 'Din - e - Ilahi' in the year 1582.
This new religion was based on the principles of universal brotherhood and world peace. Wahadat ul wazood and Sul - i - Kul.
Reasons for Akbar's liberal religious outlook.
1. Akbar was born in a Hindu palace and he was raised by them for some years.
2. Akbar was a Sunni Muslim. Bairam Khan, Akbar's guardian was a Shia Muslim.
3. Akbar was the devotee of famous sufi saint, Shaik Salim Chisti. Chisti sufi order was a liberal one.
4. Most of Akbar's friends and wives were Hindus. Man Singh. Birbal / Mahesh Das. Raja Todar mal.
5. Abul Faizi, Abul Fazl were the followers of Sufism. They were Akbar's close associates.
Akbar (1556-1605) According to Abul Fazl and Badauni - the news of Humayun's death was concealed by Bairam Khan in order to prepare for the unopposed succession of Akbar; On 14th February 1556, Akbar ascended the throne, at the age 13 years; Then Bairam Khan resumed his activity against Sikandar Soor; Akbar then moved to Sirhind and Bairam Khan executed Tardi Begh Khan for his failure at Delhi; From Sirhind Akbar and Bairam Khan advanced to Delhi and faced Hemu (Hemu Shah) - adopted title Vikramaditya.
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On 5th November 1556, 2nd Battle of Panipat took place and Hemu captured by Shah Quli Khan Mahram; After the victory of Panipat, Akbar entered Delhi; In the meantime Sikander Soor defeated Khizr Khwaja Khan, and Sikander retreated; Finally on 25th July 1557, Sikander Soor surrendered; For 4 years (1556 - 59) Bairam Khan had bravely piloted the ship of Mughals against all odds; As early as May, 1557, Bairam Khan suspected that Akbar had begum to dislike him; Akbar was gradually coming under the influence of Atga Khail (foster relations) and Maham Anaga; Akbar hatched a conspiracy with Maham Anaga, to kill Bairam Khan; On 19th March, 1560, Akbar left Agra on the pretext of hunting and the conspiracy was drawn; Bairam Khan's family resided at Tabarhind (Modern Bhatinda); In 1560, Bairam Khan was killed;
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In 1561, Akbar undertook the conquest of Malwa; The Mughal army led by Adham Khan defeated the musician king Baz Bahur on 29th March 1561; Baz Bahadur fled and made an alliance with Mubarak Khan of Khandesh and Tufar Khan of Berar and they defeated the Mughal army; In 1562, Akbar sent his 2nd army under Abdullah Khan - an Uzbek, who compelled Baz Bahadur to flee to Chittor; Abdullah Khan took Mandu and Mughal rule was established in Malwa; From 1560 - 62, Akbar remained under the influence of Maham Anaga - foster mother of Akbar, Adham Singh and Shahibuddin; Akbar's Personality : - Akbar adopted Persian festival - NUROZ; He also adopted Persian Solar calendar; He conferred title to different people : - JAGAT GURU : - Jaina Saint, Hari Vijay Suri; JUG PRADHAN : - Jin Chandra Suri, Kawtar Sampradaya;
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Tony Monserreta, a Jesuits, came to his court; Nagada beating started during his reign; Jharonkha Darshan was started by him; Taslim-i-Chauth was also started by him; Famine relief started for the first time during 1594-98 famine; Tulsi Das, Birbal (Kavi Priya), Soor Das, Rahim, Raskhan, all flourished during his reign; He built important forts -Attock, Fatehpur Sikri and Allahabad fort; He made Fatehpur Sikri his capital after the victory of Gujarat; He abolished Sati and permitted widow remarriage. Fixed marriage age: -14 years for girls and 16 for boys; He also abolished slavery; Started Taccavi (Sondhar); Lots of Books were translated into Persian during his period: - Ibrahim Sirhindi - translated the Atharva Veda into Persian;
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Naqib Khan, Abdur Kadir Badauni and Sheikh Sultan - Mahabharat; Faizi-Lilawati, Nal Damyanti; Mullah Shah Md. -Rajtarangini; Maulana Shorre -Harivansh "Parv'; Abul Fazal -Panchtantara; Badauni - Ramayana; Makhmal Khan - Tajak; Maulana Shah -History of Kashmir; Zia Naqshbandi -Tutinama and Kok Shastra; He was tolerant. Purushottam Das and Devi explained about Hinduism; Maharaj ji Rana discussed about Zoroastrianism; Hari Vijay Rai Suri discussed about Jainism; Antonio Cabral was sent to Akbar as envoy; Akbar sent Hazi Abdullah as envoy to the Portuguese. Father Rudolph was also sent as envoy; In 1583, Leo Gremont was sent as an ambassador; In 1594, IIrd mission arrived under Jerome Zavier and Father Emmanuel Pinhiro; Benedict Degoes arrived at lahore on 5th May, 1595;
Akbar's conquests
1558- Ajmeer
1559 - Gwalior
1559 - Gwalior
1560 - Jaunpur
1561 - Malwa - Baz Bahadur
1562 - Amber (Jaipur) - Raja Barmal
1562 - Merta - Jimal Rathod
1564 - Garh Katana - Rani Durgavathi
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