How India got its name?

How India got its name? How the name India is derived?
Some say that India means Independent Nationa Declared in August. But it is not true. Even far before the advent of Britishers to Bharat, Bharat was known as India. One example for this is 'East India Company'.
India got its name due to the river Indus.
Aryans called it 'Sindhu'.
Iranians / Persians called it  Hind. (Hindoosthan).
Greeks called it 'Indos' (India)
Romans called it 'Indus" (India).

కొందరు ఫెస్ బుక్, వాట్సప్ పిచ్చోళ్ళు భారతదేశానికి ఇండియా య INDIA అనే పేరు రావడానికి కారణం ఆగస్టులో స్వతంత్రత ప్రకటించిన దేశం అనే అర్ధం వచ్చేలా Independent Nationa Declared in August అని చెప్తారు. కానీ అది శుధ్ధ తప్పు. ఇండియా అనే పేరు బ్రిటీష్ వారు రావడానికి ముందు నుండీ ఉన్నది. బ్రిటీష్ వారు East India Company ని December 31, 1600లో స్ధాపించారు. ఇండియా అనే పేరు మనకు స్వాతంత్ర్యం రాకముందు నుండి ఉందని దీన్నిబట్టి అర్ధం అవుతంది కదా. ఇపుడు ఇండియా అనే పేరు ఎలా వచ్చిందో చూద్దాం. ఇండియా అనే పేరు రావడానికి కారణం సింధూ నది. ఆర్యులు సింధూ అని పిలిచారు. ఇరానియన్లు య పర్షియన్లు సింధూ నదిని హింద్ గా పిలిచారు. అందువల్లే హిందూస్ధాన్ అయింది. ఇక్కడి మతం హిందూ మతం అయింది. గ్రీకులు సింధూ నదిని ఇండోస్ గా పిలిచారు. (India) Aryans called it 'Sindhu'. రోమన్లు దాన్ని ఇండస్ గా పిలిచారు. అదే కాలక్రమంలో ఇండియా అయింది.

Dharma Mahaamaathras

Dharma Mahaamaathras - Officers appointed by Ashoka Maurya to spread the spirit of morality and justice all the human beings of the world. Ashoka Maurya appointed Dharma Mahaamaathras in his 14th regnal year and this information was mentioned in his Major Rock Edict 5. Ashoka himself went from place to place to spread Dharma, Justice. His own brothers, sisters, sons and daughters went to various places to spread Dharma / Dhamma / Justice. / Sense of morality / Compassion towards all living creature / Religious tolerance.

Major Rock Edicts of Ashoka Maurya and its content

Major Rock Edicts of Ashoka Maurya and its content
MRE 1 - Banned animal sacrifice and festive gatherings. Royal kitchen has permission

to sacrifice 3 animals per day. (2 Peacocks and 1 deer.)
MRE 2 - Welfare measures and Prayantas. Construction of Tanks, Roads, planting

trees (saplings), Medicinal plants, medical missionary. South Indian kingdoms, Chodas - Northern. Tamilnadu, Pandhyas - Southern Tamilnadu, Keralaputras, Satyaputhrras, Tamra parni - Srilanka)) were mentioned in this inscription.

MRE 3 - Be liberal to Brahmins and Sramanas. Spend moderately. Quinquennial tours (tour for every 5 years). Yukthas, Rajukas and Pradeshikas were mentioned in this inscription.
MRE 4 - Non violence towards animals and birds. Bherighosha is replaced with Dhammaghosha.
MRE 5 - Humane treatment to slaves and prisioners. Ashoka Maurya appointed Dharma Mahaamaathras in his 14th regnal year.
MRE 6 - Gives details about Maurya administration and its efficiency. "Savve Janaa Paja Mama" is the motto of Ashokan administration. "Savve Janaa Paja Mama" means all the people are my children. This is the aim and epitome of Ashoka Maurya's administration.
MRE 7 - Tolerance among various sects. There were 50 sects during that period.
MRE 8 - Instead of 'Vihaara Yaathras', tours for pleasure, Ashoka undertook 'Dhamma Yaathras', tours to spread justice. Due to the Dhamma Yaathras Ashoka came in touch with rural areas. During his 10th regnal year Ashoka paid a visit to Gaya.
MRE 9 - Shun rituals, ceremonies and adopt Dhamma.
MRE 10 - Defined Dhamma in his Major Rock Edict X. Major PE II also defines Dhamma. Ashoka had no desire for fame and glory. He desired only Dhamma Vijaya.

MRE 11 - Dhamma brings gains and merits in present and next life.

MRE 12 - Tolerance among various sects. Ashoka's respect to various sects. Important principles of Dhamma. Sushrusha. Apachitr. Sampratipatti. Avihimsa Bhuthaanam. Apavyavata. Apabhandhajaatha. Satyam. Mardhavam. Dhammarati. Bhaavashuddi.

MRE 13 - Longest and most important Major Rock Edict is 13th MRE. Ashoka mentioned Kalinga war in this edict. 5 Helenic kingdoms and thir kings were mentioned in this edict. Antiyoka - Syria. Antikin - Macedonia. Alikasudra - Epirus. Thurayama - Egypt. magas - Cyrene.
Prathyanthas - Boarder state - Chodas (Nabakas), Pandyas (Purundas), Bhojas (Kambhoja), Pitinikas (Tamraparni).

Asandhimithra

Asandhimithra - Ashoka's Pattamahishi. (Pattamahiishi = Chief Queen who has the

right to take seat beside king on important / festive occasion.)

City administration during Maurya Period as suggested by Kautilya in ArthaShastra

City / Municipal Administration during Mauryan Period
Administration as suggested by Kautilya in his Arthashastra.
These officers are equal to present day Principal Secretaries.

Akaradhyaksha -  Incharge of mining department.
Kanyadhyaksha - Mining
Akshapaladhyaksha - Accounts
Dhandanaagaradhyaksha -
Thattyadhyadhyaksha - Incharge of infantry.
Ashwadhyaksha - Horses
Hasthyadhyaksha - Elephants
Naavadhyaksha - Ships
Aayudhaagaaradhyaksha - Artillery
Devathadhyaksha - Temples
Go adhyaksha - Cows.
Kostagara adhyaksha - Whare houses and granaries.
Kupya adhyaksha - Incharge of forests.
Ganika adhyaksha - Incharge of brothel houses.
Thyuthaadhyaksha - Gambling Houses.
Vivithadyaksha - Incharge of Pasture Lands.
Koshadhyaksha - Incharge of Treasury.
Lakshanandhyaksha - Tankasalaadhyaksha
Lavanaadhyaksha - Incharge  of salt reaches.
Maanaadhyaksha - Land Survey and Keeper of times
Madradhyaksha - Incharge of passport department.
Pandyadhyaksha - State Trade and Commerce
Pauthvadhyaksha - Weights and measures
Samsthadhyaksha - Private trade and commerce
Naagavanaadhyaksha - Incharge of Elephants in forest zone.
Sitadhyaksha - Incharge of Agriculture
Sulkadhyaksha - Incharge of Customes duties.
Suradhyaksha - Incharge of Excise department.
Sutradhyaksha - Incharge of Textile Industry.
Sunaadhyasksha - Incharge of Slaughter houses.
Suvarnadhyaksha - Incharge of Gold and Jewellery.
Lohaadhyaksha - Incharge of Metal Industry.
Pattanaadhyaksha - Cities with docking facilities.

Minor Pillar Edicts of Ashoka

Minor Pillar Edicts of Ashoka
Minor Pillar Edicts
Sanchi - Saranath - Nigalisagar - Rumindai

Ashokan Pillars and the Capitols

Ashokan Pillars and the Capitols

Bull Capitol - Rampurva
Bull Capitol - Sravasti

Single Lion Capitol - Larianandan Garh
Single Lion Capitol - Lauria Araraj
Single Lion Capitol - Sankissa
Single Lion Capitol - Kapilavastu

Horse Capitol - Rumindai

Elephant Capitol - Sankissa
Elephant Capitol - Rajgir

Wheel Capitol - Sanchi

Saranatha Pillar and the details of its capitol -
Inverted Lotus, Ashoka Chakra and around that 4 animals Lion, Elephant, Horse,

Bull. (BHEL).
4 roaring lions and huge Ashoka chakra on thier shoulders.

Most of the Ashokan pillars are made of Red Sand Stone. For some pillars Buff

Coloured Sand Stone was used. Buff colour = Wheatish Colour. The stone was

brought from Chunar quaries, Uttar Pradesh and the pillars were carved out of them

at Taxila.

16 Major Rock Edicts of Ashoka and the places they were found

16 Major Rock Edicts of Ashoka were found at 8 places
Kalsi - Dehradun
Girnar - Gujarath
Sophara - Maharastra
Yerragudi - A.P.
Dhauli - Bhuvaneshwar
Jaugada - Ganjam
Manshera - North West Frontier Province.
Shabhajgarhi - North West Frontier Province.

Manshera and Shabhajgarhi are the ivillages and historic sites located in Mardan District in the North West Frontier Province of present day Pakistan.

Major Pillar Edicts of Ashoka and the Places they were found

Major Pillar edicts of Ashoka and the places they were found. Total 7 Major Pillar Edicts at 6 Places Allahabad - Kaushambi Delhi - Meerut Delhi - Topra Bihar - Laurianadangarh Bihar - Lauria Arayaj Bihar - Rampurva

Soma

Soma is a devine drink during Rg Vedic period.
Rg Vedic 'Chapters' are called 'Mandalas'.
There are total 10 Mandalas in Rg Veda.
Entire 9th Mandala is called 'Soma'.
Soma juice is made from the plant which is available on mount Mujavant, one of the Himalayan peaks.

The story of Kohinoor | Koh-e-Noor

The Koh-e-Noor: is the most celebrated diamond of Golconda. Koh-e-Noor means ‘Diamond of the mountain of light’ was first given by Nadir Shah of Iran, when he first saw it in 1739 in Delhi. Koh-e-Noor in uncut form was given to Mir Jumla, the Golconda general who was responsible for the diamond mining in that area.
Mir Jumla presented it to Shah Jahan (Aurangazeb’s descendant Mohammad Shah) in 1739. Nadirshah sacked, looted and carried away Peacock throne and Koh-e-Noor to Iran. After Nadirshah murder at Kelat in 1747, his grandson Shah Rukh, in 1751, gave it to Ahmad Shah Durrani of Afghanistan as a reward for saving his life. From him in 1793, it passed to his eldest son Shah Zaman, on his deposition, the diamond was concealed in a mud wall of the prison and passed to his third brother Sultan Shuja. On his accession, he wore it in a bracelet. After his dethronement, families of Zaman and Shuja went to Lahore for help of Ranjith Singh, the ruler of Punjab. The latter demanded Koh-e-Noor for the help. It thus passed to Ranjith Singh. After his death, inherited by Dalip Singh and the Koh-e-Noor remained in the jewel chamber of the Lahore treasury. Following the II Sikh War in 1849, the East Indian Company, annexed Punjab. To recover the outstanding debts to the company, the Lahore treasury was seized, including the Koh-e-Noor diamond, Lord Dalhousie presented it to Queen Victoria on 3rd July 1850. The diamonds left India in 1850 never came back to India or Golconda.

History Study Material for competitive Exams
The Story of Koh-e-Noor
the story of Kohinoor

1857 Revolt and the eyewitnesses

1857 REVOLT AND THE EYE WITNESSES

Delhi	Munshi Jiwan Lal, Moinuddin
Bareilly	Om Prasad bandhopadyaya
Binjore	Sir Sayed Ahmad Khan.

Mirza Galib, eminent Urdu poet, mentioned in his letters the cruelty of British during the suppression of the revolt.
Sir Sayed Ahmad Khan wrote a book named Asbab-i-Bagabat-i-Hind” in Urdu on the causes of the revolt.




Also Read:

* 1857 Revolt - Places - Leaders - Their Fate and Officer Subdued Read

Fate of the leaders participated in 1857 revolt

FATE OF THE LEADERS PARTICIPATED IN 1857 REVOLT

Place	Revolted Leaders	Officer Subdued	Leader Fate
Delhi	Bahadur Shah-II Muzaffar - The last Mughal Emperor was the nominal leader and General Bakt Khan was the actual leader of the revolt.	Lieutenant Willoughby, John Nicholson, Lieutenant Hudson	Deported to Rangoon. Died in 1862. His sons were shot dead.
Kanpur	Azeemullah Khan, Nana Saheb and Tantia Tope	Sir Hugh Wheeler,	Saheb fled to Nepal Tantia Tope - Martyrdom. Hanged by the British on 15th April 1859.
Awad / Aud	Begum Hazrath Mahal-	Sir Hugh Rose	Fled to Nepal
Bareily	Khan Bahadur-		Died fighting
Jansi, Lucknow	Rani Laxmibai-	Sir Colin Campbell	Died fighting
Arrah, Jagadishpur(Dist.) Bihar	Kunwar Singh, a 75 Year old Zamindar and His brother Ram Singh		Kunwar Singh gave tough resistance to British forces and  Died fighting
Faizabad, Lucknow, Uttarpradesh	Maulvi Ahmadullah-	Henry Lawrence, Henry , Brigadier Ingles, Havelock, James Outram and Sir Colin Campbell	Martyrdom. Treacherously murdered in the forests of central India.
Banaras		Colonel James. Neil

Also read : * 1857 Revolt - Places - Leaders - Their Fate and Officer Subdued Read

Annexations by Dalhousie and the pretext showed

Annexations by Dalhousie and the pretext showed

Place	Year	Pretext to annex
Punjab- Pegu- Right to conquest		Right to conquest
Sikkim		Right to conquest
Satara	1848	Doctrine of Lapse
Jaitpur-(U.P.)-		Doctrine of Lapse
Sambbhalpur (Orissa)-		Doctrine of Lapse
Bhagath	1850	Doctrine of Lapse
Udaipur (Central India)		Doctrine of Lapse
Jhansi	1852	Doctrine of Lapse
Nagpur	1854	Doctrine of Lapse
Awadh		Mis-governance
• Dalhousie wanted to annex Karauli of Rajputana, he was over ruled by the court of directors.
• Annexation of Bhagath and Udipur was cancelled and were restored to the rulers.